Leaching of zinc from tire wear particles under simulated estuarine conditions

Tire wear particles (TWP) abraded from end-of-life passenger car tires have been added at a concentration of 1 g L⁻¹ to river water, sea water and mixtures thereof in order to examine the chemical controls on the leaching of Zn from the rubber matrix. Results of time-dependent experiments conducted over a period of 5 days were consistent with a diffusion controlled leaching mechanism with rate constants of about 0.04 mg L⁻¹ h^−1/2 in river water and between about 0.02 and 0.03 mg L⁻¹ h^−1/2 in sea water. Additional experiments revealed a reduction in Zn dissolution with both increasing salinity and pH and enhancement of leaching in the presence of fluorescent light compared with dark conditions. In corresponding experiments conducted in the presence of a fixed quantity (0.8 g L⁻¹) of clean, fractionated estuarine sediment, aqueous Zn concentrations were reduced by at least an order of magnitude. Increasing the quantity of sediment resulted in a progressive reduction in Zn concentration until an apparent equilibrium was achieved, with partition coefficients defining the sediment-water distribution of Zn of about 550 mL g⁻¹ and 270 mL g⁻¹ in river water and sea water, respectively. Results are interpreted in terms of the dissolution of ZnO and other residual complexes from the matrix and the subsequent, rapid adsorption of Zn²⁺ ions to coexistent estuarine sediment. The findings of the study are discussed in terms of their implications for the transport, fate and effects of TWP Zn in aquatic environments that are likely to receive urban runoff.     

轿车前制动噪声降噪方案研究

本文针对轿车出现的前制动噪声问题进行了研究和改进,以及采取改进方案后是否会对制动性能造成影响进行了系统的阐述。     

连接结构尺寸对三通管冲蚀磨损影响的数值模拟

针对石油管道运输系统中三通管的冲蚀磨损问题,采用DPM冲蚀预测模型,模拟分析了油品中夹带的固体颗粒对连接结构尺寸不同的三通管的冲蚀磨损情况,得出了颗粒对三通管冲蚀的分布规律。结果表明:T型三通管的冲蚀主要集中在与竖直管道正对的水平管道底部及其附近的外侧管壁,有球体弯头的三通管的冲蚀主要集中在球体附近水平管道的外侧管壁,且冲蚀磨损程度相对较小;随着流体流入速度的增大,2种三通管的最大冲蚀率随之增大且呈指数增长;随着颗粒质量流量的增大,2种三通管的最大冲蚀率均随之增大;当流体在2种不同的三通管中流动时,管道系统的最大冲蚀率的曲线变化趋势基本一致,均为先减小再增大;当管道弯头处球体的直径为管道直径的2倍时,管道的冲蚀速率最小,颗粒对于管道的冲蚀磨损程度最轻。     

堆芯中子通量测量系统指套管磨损分布规律及处理准则优化研究

目的 分析堆芯中子通量测量系统指套管磨损分布规律,提出处理准则优化建议.方法 统计了指套管在堆芯不同位置的磨损数量,分析了指套管磨损分布规律.结合指套管和导向管的结构特点和视频检查结果,分析了指套管的磨损原因,并提出了指套管磨损处理准则优化建议.结果 指套管磨损位置主要集中在P1和P4两处,其中P1位置磨损数量最多,而...     

某型波段开关瞬动动作特性及失效机理

目的 研究某型波段开关瞬动动作特性及磨损失效机理。方法 通过建立瞬动机构物理模型,进行瞬动机构滑动件受力分析、转动力矩随旋转角度变化分析,研究瞬动开关瞬动动作特性,分析并探讨瞬动机构的磨损失效机理。结果 在波段开关的瞬动角度范围内,瞬动力矩随着转动角度θ的增加呈先增大、后减小的趋势。在瞬动初始状态,旋转力矩为最小值1.2 kg·cm;当瞬动处于中间位置（瞬动角度为16°）时,转动力矩为最大值1.5 kg·cm;随着转动角度θ继续增大,转动力矩不断减小,最终恢复至初始值,与实物瞬动复位功能相符。瞬动机构滑动件受基座的正压力N随转动角度θ的增加而增大。基座塑料受过大压力产生磨损,使转动（复位）力矩降低,滑动件无法复位,导致瞬动功能失效。结论 某型波段开关瞬动功能由滑动件钢球、基座长弧形斜坡、接触压力保证,弧面磨损致使钢球所受接触压力分量不足,导致瞬动功能失效,该失效机制为疲劳磨损失效。可通过改变基座材料、滑动件结构或材料以及改善瞬动机构工作条件来提高瞬动寿命和可靠性。     

600 MW机组省煤器灰中等距离气力输送系统改进措施

某电厂省煤器灰气力输送系统投运初期频繁出现堵管和输灰超时的问题。经过分析及调研后，改用双套管输送，优化输送步序，减少输送耗气量，不仅实现了输送系统平稳顺畅，而且避免了灰管过度磨损的现象。     

金属磨损试验及测量方法

降低工具和机器效率的一个主要原因是金属磨损,磨损也能引起机器准确率降低。如何提高机器耐磨性,研究机器磨损的规律是很重要的。介绍了金属磨损的类型,实验室磨损试验的方法,磨损试验的磨损量测量方法及表示方法。     

热带海洋大气环境下制动盘防护工艺耐腐蚀性能分析

目的研究汽车制动盘的三种防护工艺在热带海洋大气环境下的耐腐蚀性能。方法针对三种防护工艺的制动盘,在万宁试验站采用户外暴露试验方法开展对比试验。结果某无铬锌铝涂层1防护工艺的制动盘严重生锈,腐蚀程度最严重。某无铬锌铝涂层2和石墨烯防护工艺的制动盘在热带海洋大气环境中发生轻微生锈。结论在热带海洋大气环境下,某无铬锌铝涂层1防护工艺的耐蚀性能最差,某无铬锌铝涂层2和石墨烯防护工艺耐蚀性能良好,具有更好的环境适应性。     

页岩气压裂管汇弯头的冲蚀磨损影响分析*

为减小管汇弯头所受的冲蚀磨损率，在考虑固液两相流模型、流体控制方程及冲蚀磨损计算模型基础上，建立高压弯头冲蚀磨损数值模型，以现场工况为依据，对压裂液的流动速度、压裂液黏度、质量流量以及颗粒直径进行控制调整，研究高压弯头的冲蚀因素，得出各因素对弯头冲蚀磨损机理，总结各因素对弯头冲蚀磨损规律。结果表明:为减小冲蚀磨损率，提高高压弯头使用寿命，应减小施工压裂液的质量流量、选用直径较小的颗粒、压裂液黏度应为0.014 Pa·s左右；针对高压弯头提出弯径比为2～3、适当增加弯头的壁厚等改进措施。     

Effect of alcohol use on accelerating and braking behaviors of drivers

Objective: The present study examines the accelerating and braking behaviors of drivers at different blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) in heterogeneous driving conditions using driving simulator experiments.

Methods: Eighty-two licensed drivers performed simulated driving in a rural road environment designed in the driving simulator at 4 BAC levels: 0.00, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.08%. Driving performance was analyzed using vehicle control variables such as mean acceleration and mean brake pedal force. Generalized linear mixed models were developed to quantify the effect of different alcohol levels and explanatory variables such as driver’s age, gender, and other factors on the driving performance indicators.

Results: Alcohol use was reported as a significant factor affecting the accelerating and braking performance of drivers. The acceleration model results indicated that drivers’ mean acceleration increased by 0.013, 0.026, and 0.027 m/s² for BAC levels of 0.03, 0.05, and 0.08%, respectively. Results of the brake pedal force model showed that drivers’ mean brake pedal force increased by 1.09, 1.32, and 1.44 N for BAC levels of 0.03, 0.05, and 0.08%, respectively. Age was a significant factor in both the models where a 1-year increase in driver age resulted in a 0.2% reduction in mean acceleration and a 19% reduction in mean brake pedal force. Driving experience could compensate for the negative effects of alcohol to some extent while driving.

Conclusions: The findings of the present study revealed that drivers tend to be more aggressive and impulsive under the influence of alcohol, which deteriorates their driving performance. Impairment in accelerating and braking behaviors of drivers under the influence of alcohol leads to increased crash probabilities. The conclusions may provide reference in making countermeasures against drinking and driving and contribute to traffic safety.